Love Over the Centuries in Writing Essay - 2318 Words

Love Over the Centuries in Writing Compare the different ways and forms in which poets have written about love over the centuries? Love is a universal theme throughout literature from past to modern day. Love has evolved over the centuries, in the way people feel it and show it and so has the way poets have written about love. Over centuries history has changed the values of love and what it is from the French Revolution to the First World War. Always love is an important theme in society therefore in literature. Creating poems of the time to reflect the period when it was written. In the 17th century, poets portrayed love to be sexual and the women would not be sexually active until marriage, because the 17th century was†¦show more content†¦Using flattery to get the women into bed, telling her that it is what is meant to happen. It also suggests the simplicity of his love with the noun vegetable where food is a basic need. Also it implies this by linking love with food, this also brings of connotations of hunger with the women needing to eat or to love. In the second stanza there is a change in attitude, this is portrayed by the connective word But, this is the first word, it has a powerful impact on the poem and sets the mood for the rest of the poem. The second stanza takes more of a forceful side to the poem; the idea of time is introduced to the poem. Andrew Marvell enhances the idea of time in, Time’s winged chariot hurrying near; As the result of this the poem has more urgency. Time is relative to his love meaning that the man wishes he had all the time to spend with his mistress to do what is in the first stanza but can not as he has only so much time. The adjective winged creates an image of speed and out of control, as its flying to swoop down to catch him and that it is out of control however this could also suggest divinely being adding to the affect of having sex being an acceptable action and not a sin. The poem is structured in a very sophisticated form. The first stanza is twenty lines long but the second is only twelve lines long, the first isShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : St. Clare Of Assisi1471 Words   |  6 Pagesstandards she assembled for her nuns in the thirteenth century. Clare s Rule, truth be told, recognizes that just some of her nuns were educated: the individuals who could read were in charge of perusing the religious administrations with an elevated volume; the individuals who co uldn t be given additional petitions to God to say. 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Did Shakespeare try to cheat death with his writing? He may have died about four hundred years ago, but his poetry is very much alive in the world today. Death is imminent; on the contrary, did William Shakespeare intend to cheat death with his writing that has been very much alive sinceRead MoreVirginia Woolf Sentimental Education Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Society on Relationships molded by Economic and Social Status during 19th Century Europe During the turn of the 19th century in Europe, doctrines such as the napoleonic code, and earlier writings from philosophers like Rousseau continued to have a direct impact on how women were seen and treated within society. Virginia Woolf, a 20th century author wrote on how these writings changed societies perception of women and what their roles should be in the eyes of men. 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Deception Point Page 75 Free Essays

Built by Lockheed, the Aurora looked like a flattened American football. It was 110 feet long, sixty feet wide, smoothly contoured with a crystalline patina of thermal tiles much like the space shuttle. The speed was primarily the result of an exotic new propulsion system known as a Pulse Detonation Wave Engine, which burned a clean, misted, liquid hydrogen and left a telltale pulse contrail in the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 75 or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this reason, it only flew at night. Tonight, with the luxury of enormous speed, the Delta Force was taking the long way home, out across the open ocean. Even so, they were overtaking their quarry. At this rate, the Delta Force would be arriving on the eastern seaboard in under an hour, a good two hours before its prey. There had been discussion of tracking and shooting down the plane in question, but the controller rightly feared a radar capture of the incident or the burned wreckage might bring on a massive investigation. It was best to let the plane land as scheduled, the controller had decided. Once it became clear where their quarry intended to land, the Delta Force would move in. Now, as Aurora streaked over the desolate Labrador Sea, Delta-One’s CrypTalk indicated an incoming call. He answered. â€Å"The situation has changed,† the electronic voice informed them. â€Å"You have another mark before Rachel Sexton and the scientists land.† Another mark. Delta-One could feel it. Things were unraveling. The controller’s ship had sprung another leak, and the controller needed them to patch it as fast as possible. The ship would not be leaking, Delta-One reminded himself, if we had hit our marks successfully on the Milne Ice Shelf. Delta-One knew damn well he was cleaning up his own mess. â€Å"A fourth party has become involved,† the controller said. â€Å"Who?† The controller paused a moment-and then gave them a name. The three men exchanged startled looks. It was a name they knew well. No wonder the controller sounded reluctant! Delta-One thought. For an operation conceived as a â€Å"zero-casualty† venture, the body count and target profile was climbing fast. He felt his sinews tighten as the controller prepared to inform them exactly how and where they would eliminate this new individual. â€Å"The stakes have increased considerably,† the controller said. â€Å"Listen closely. I will give you these instructions only once.† 89 High above northern Maine, a G4 jet continued speeding toward Washington. Onboard, Michael Tolland and Corky Marlinson looked on as Rachel Sexton began to explain her theory for why there might be increased hydrogen ions in the fusion crust of the meteorite. â€Å"NASA has a private test facility called Plum Brook Station,† Rachel explained, hardly able to believe she was going to talk about this. Sharing classified information out of protocol was not something she had ever done, but considering the circumstances, Tolland and Corky had a right to know this. â€Å"Plum Brook is essentially a test chamber for NASA’s most radical new engine systems. Two years ago I wrote a gist about a new design NASA was testing there-something called an expander cycle engine.† Corky eyed her suspiciously. â€Å"Expander cycle engines are still in the theoretical stage. On paper. Nobody’s actually testing. That’s decades away.† Rachel shook her head. â€Å"Sorry, Corky. NASA has prototypes. They’re testing.† â€Å"What?† Corky looked skeptical. â€Å"ECE’s run on liquid oxygen-hydrogen, which freezes in space, making the engine worthless to NASA. They said they were not even going to try to build an ECE until they overcame the freezing fuel problem.† â€Å"They overcame it. They got rid of the oxygen and turned the fuel into a ‘slush-hydrogen’ mixture, which is some kind of cryogenic fuel consisting of pure hydrogen in a semifrozen state. It’s very powerful and very clean burning. It’s also a contender for the propulsion system if NASA runs missions to Mars.† Corky looked amazed. â€Å"This can’t be true.† â€Å"It better be true,† Rachel said. â€Å"I wrote a brief about it for the President. My boss was up in arms because NASA wanted to publicly announce slush-hydrogen as a big success, and Pickering wanted the White House to force NASA to keep slush-hydrogen classified.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Not important,† Rachel said, having no intention of sharing more secrets than she had to. The truth was that Pickering’s desire to classify slush-hydrogen’s success was to fight a growing national security concern few knew existed-the alarming expansion of China’s space technology. The Chinese were currently developing a deadly â€Å"for-hire† launch platform, which they intended to rent out to high bidders, most of whom would be U.S. enemies. The implications for U.S. security were devastating. Fortunately, the NRO knew China was pursuing a doomed propulsion-fuel model for their launch platform, and Pickering saw no reason to tip them off about NASA’s more promising slush-hydrogen propellant. â€Å"So,† Tolland said, looking uneasy, â€Å"you’re saying NASA has a clean-burning propulsion system that runs on pure hydrogen?† Rachel nodded. â€Å"I don’t have figures, but the exhaust temperatures of these engines are apparently several times hotter than anything ever before developed. They’re requiring NASA to develop all kinds of new nozzle materials.† She paused. â€Å"A large rock, placed behind one of these slush-hydrogen engines, would be scalded by a hydrogen-rich blast of exhaust fire coming out at an unprecedented temperature. You’d get quite a fusion crust.† â€Å"Come on now!† Corky said. â€Å"Are we back to the fake meteorite scenario?† Tolland seemed suddenly intrigued. â€Å"Actually, that’s quite an idea. The setup would be more or less like leaving a boulder on the launchpad under the space shuttle during liftoff.† â€Å"God save me,† Corky muttered. â€Å"I’m airborne with idiots.† â€Å"Corky,† Tolland said. â€Å"Hypothetically speaking, a rock placed in an exhaust field would exhibit similar burn features to one that fell through the atmosphere, wouldn’t it? You’d have the same directional striations and backflow of the melting material.† Corky grunted. â€Å"I suppose.† â€Å"And Rachel’s clean-burning hydrogen fuel would leave no chemical residue. Only hydrogen. Increased levels of hydrogen ions in the fusion pocking.† Corky rolled his eyes. â€Å"Look, if one of these ECE engines actually exists, and runs on slush-hydrogen, I suppose what you’re talking about is possible. But it’s extremely far-fetched.† â€Å"Why?† Tolland asked. â€Å"The process seems fairly simple.† Rachel nodded. â€Å"All you need is a 190-million-year-old fossilized rock. Blast it in a slush-hydrogen-engine exhaust fire, and bury it in the ice. Instant meteorite.† â€Å"To a tourist, maybe,† Corky said, â€Å"but not to a NASA scientist! You still haven’t explained the chondrules!† Rachel tried to recall Corky’s explanation of how chondrules formed. â€Å"You said chondrules are caused by rapid heating and cooling events in space, right?† Corky sighed. â€Å"Chondrules form when a rock, chilled in space, suddenly becomes superheated to a partial-melt stage-somewhere near 1550 Celsius. Then the rock must cool again, extremely rapidly, hardening the liquid pockets into chondrules.† Tolland studied his friend. â€Å"And this process can’t happen on earth?† â€Å"Impossible,† Corky said. â€Å"This planet does not have the temperature variance to cause that kind of rapid shift. You’re talking here about nuclear heat and the absolute zero of space. Those extremes simply don’t exist on earth.† Rachel considered it. â€Å"At least not naturally.† How to cite Deception Point Page 75, Essay examples

England Romantic Poets Essay Example For Students

England Romantic Poets Essay The poetry of the English Romantic period (1800-1832), often contain many descriptions, and ideas of nature, not found in most writing. The Romantic poets share several charecteristics in common, certainly one of the most significant of these is their respective views on nature. Which seems to range from a more spiritual, if not pantheistic view, as seen in the works of William Wordsworth, to the much more realistic outlook of John Keats. All of these authors discuss, in varrying degreess, the role of nature in acquiring meaningful insight into the human condition. These writers all make appeals to nature as if it were some kind of living entity calls are made for nature to rescue the struggling writer, and carry his ideas to the world. One writer stated in his introduction to a Romantic anthology: The variety of this catalogue implies completedness; surely not phase or feature of the outer natural world is without its appropriate counterpart in the inner world of human personality. Nature, then, can be all things to all men. To the revolutionary Shelley, the rough wind wails, like the poet himself, for the world’s wrong; or it lifts his own thoughts to scatter hem like leaves, like glowing ashes, over the world in an apocalyptic prophecy of the coming Utopian spring. To Keats, beset by longing and heart-ache, the happiness of the nightingale’s song intensified an unbearable consciousness of unattainable pleasures. (6) Nature took a different role in each of the Romantic poets, and even the PreRomantics, and Victorians writings, but each of these writers has that one major thing in common: They all write extensively on the role of nature in the lives of people. The English Romantic poets, hailing mostly from the Lakeside district of England, would have grown up in a region hat is known for its natural beauty. These writers did not know the ugliness of the city, nor do they have any experience of the crowded streets, and polluted air of London. To these writers, the world is a very beautiful place. There are wonderful virgin forests, pristine lakes and rivers, and beautiful wildlife, making this region a wealthy little virtual paradise. Certainly this would (at least partly) account for the facination with the natural world that can be found in these poets. They mostly grew up seeing nature in its highest form of beauty, and they were definately influenced by their environments. Throughout the course of this paper, four poems, written by three poets, will be discussed in some detail. Additional poems and poets will also be mentioned briefly as this discussion progresses. They are Wordsworth’s Ode on Intimations of Immortality, stanzas: One, two, four, and eleven, as well as parts of five and eight. The second Wordsworth poem is: My Heart Leaps Up. The second poem will be Percy-Byshe Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind. And the final poem will be: Bright Star by John Keats. Each of these poems contain strong references to nature, and ts role in the developement of human identity, and additionaly, of the sacredness, almost divinity that is to be found in nature. Throughout these poems, the reader will find, as has been mentioned, a varrying (yet still somewhat common) idea of the importance of nature. This should help the reader to catch a little insight into how the English Romantics viewed man and his role within nature, as well as nature’s role within human society and specificaly, how nature can effect and individuals development over his lifetime. Let us now turn to the first poet that we will discuss, William Wordsworth. Wordsworth, along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, released a book of poems titled: Lyrical Ballads. With this book came the beggining of the Romantic period. Wordsworth declared that: Poetry, should be written in the language of the common man and should be about incidents and situations from common life (Francis, 36). Clearly this is a rejection of the Neo- Classical tradition, and an embracing of ordinary things and people. Wordsworth can really be classified by his very romanticized view held toward nature: A love of nature is one of Wordsworth’s predominate themes. For him, birds, trees, and flowers represent and invisible spirit that is present everywhere in the universe. (ibid) Clearly Wordsworth fits very nicely into this paper’s claim toward the Romantic view of nature. In the first poem of his that we will discuss, Ode on Intimations of Immortality, we can see many great examples of his use and view of the natural world. Additionaly it is interesting to note his discussion on children, whom he believes to be  «closer to God than adults » (ibid). We will now pause to quote from the afforementioned stanza’s: Ode on Intimations of Immortality 1 There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Apperelled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of your;– Turn wheresoeve’er I may, By night or day, The things which I have seen I now can see no more. The rainbow comes and goes, And lovely is the rose; The moon doth with delight Look round her when the heavens are bare; Waters on a starry night Are beautiful and fair; The sunshine is a glorious birth; But yet I know, where’er I go, That there hath passed a glory from the earth. Ye blessed creatures, I have heard the call Ye to each other make; I see The heavens laugh with you in your jubilee; My heart is at your festival, My head hath its coronal, The fullness of your bliss, I feel– I feel it all. Oh evil day! f I were sullen While Earth herself is adorning, This sweet May morning, And the children are culling on every side, In a thousand valleys far and wide, Fresh flowers; while the sun shines warm, And the babe leaps up on his mother’s arm:– I hear, I hear, with joy I hear! — But there’s a tree, of many, one, A single field which I have ooked upon, Both of them speak of something that is gone: The pansy at my feet Doth the same tale repeat: Essay on Junk Food Is Unhealthy Long Time Ago EssayOde to the West Wind 1 O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being, Thou, from hose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence strickin multitudes: O thou Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o’er the dreaming earth, and fill (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air) With living hues and odors plain and hill: Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver; hear, oh hear! Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my eaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou Me impeuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguesed hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (83, 85). Like Wordsworth, Shelley appeals to nature, as a higher power, to rescue him from the thorns of life » (84). In the first stanza, Shelley writes of autumn, vivid images of the dead leaves, and winged seeds that cover the earth. Anyone who has ever seen fall, can clearly picture all the beautiful colours of  «hectic red », covering the trees (83). All soon to be replace by only the death that comes with winter, until the Spring  «shall blow Her clarion o’er the dreaming earth » (ibid). He personifies the Spring, as if it has some kind of power to wake up the sleeping world, and usher in an era of new life. Spring can fill the world with  «living hues » and preserve and estroy all things (ibid). The fourth stanza (not hitherto quoted), contains images again of the wind lifting the dead leaves up, and seemingly giving them life. He compares the freedom of the leaves, to the freedom he has experienced as a boy, and his longing to return to such a carefree state. Then comes his most concise pleading for nature’s help  «Oh! lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! (84). The final stanza, quoted in its entirety above, finally completes the metaphor of his „dead thoughtsâ€Å", as leaves (85). He is imploring the wind to spread his thoughts ver the earth so that they might somehow become part of a new awakening. He also uses the metaphor of „Ashes and sparksâ€Å" being driven across the land, ignighting the world on fire (ibid). Finally he states that the wind is like a trumpet of prophecy declaring the arrival of the Spring. Now we come to the last poet, and consequently, the last poem that we will be discussing. It is Bright Star by John Keats: Bright Star John Keats. Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou are– Not in lone splendor hung aloft the night, And Watching, with eternal lids apart, Like Nature’s patient sleepless eremite, The moving aters at their preistlike task Of pure ablution round earth’s human shores Or gazing on the new soft-fallen mask Of snow upon the mountains and the moon: No– yet still steadfast, still unchangaeble, Pillowed upon my fair love’s ripening breast, Awake forever in a sweet unrest, Still, still to hear her tender- taken breath, And so live ever– or else swoon to death. 110). Keats compares himself to the stars and measurese his own stability by its. He wants to be like nature’s „patient sleepless eremiteâ€Å" (110). Unchangeable, inmutable and steadfast, not being subject to the whims of a moment or the fleeting motions that he was subject to. He also brings in images of a „soft-fallen mask Of snow upon the mountains and the moonâ€Å"(ibid). He also imagines the snow being on his lover’s breast, it seems almost that he is refering to the mountains or the moon. It is also interesting how he refers to the „The moving waters at their preistlike task Of pure ablution round earth’s human shoresâ€Å" (ibid). In keeping with common Romantic style, Keats has incorporated an image of the spritual into his work, similarly to what Wordsworth accomplishes in his Ode. Like Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley John Keats is definately under the impression of nature being a great and benign force: Almost divine. However: Interestingly, this godlike nature beyond nature is becoming, as it now emerges, increasingly humanized. It loves, suffers loss, and mourns; and its essence thereby defines itself as something other than mere being or thoughtless life– something like a type of mind (Hodgson, 81). This becomes apperent in the later Romantic works, but even in these, the poets are calling for compassion from nature. They want nature to look down upon them and to suffer with them and trully, to rejoice with them. To restore them to their health and defend them against their critics and naysayers. The Romantic poets were rather preocupied with the natural world, as is probably pretty obvious by now. So much of their ideas came from the very fact that most of them lived in the Lakeside district, a very beautiful place. They grew up with a great admiration for the physical world, and came to almost adopt a pantheistic outlook on life, especially Wordsworth. Shelley and Keats were less focussed on the spiritual realm, but as both of their writings clearly show, nature was still highly regarded if not deitized.

Surface Tension of Water Research Essay Example

Surface Tension of Water Research Essay My science fair project is on the surface tension of water and what affects the surface tension of water. The question that I am going to ask is how does temperature and salinity of water affect the surface tension of the water. My hypothesis is that the colder and the saltier that the water is, the stronger that the surface tension of the water will be. Some of the background research that I have done has explained to me that the surface tension of water is a property of a liquids surface that can cause it to resist external forces. Surface tension is caused by the property of cohesion which is intermolecular attraction between two or more similar molecules. The molecules on the surface of the liquid in this case water have no molecules on top of them and are pulled inward which creates internal pressure of the liquid which causes the surface to contract to the minimal area possible. An easier way to look at it is like this, a molecule that is in contact with an acquaintance is in a lower state of energy than if it were alone so there for the interior of molecules have as many neighbors as they can possibly have but the outer molecules that are on the surface do not try to do such and they have a much higher energy because of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Tension of Water Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Tension of Water Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Tension of Water Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I also found that surface tension is measured in forces per unit length and stated in newton’s per meter but it can also be measured as joules per square meter if it is in the use of thermodynamics where it is expressed as work done per unit of area where it is stored as potential energy which is the energy that a piece of matter has because of its position or because of its arrangement of parts. Water molecules that are at the surface are like a frozen stretched out sheet of optimally bonded molecules, as the molecules shake into the minimal energy configuration. Each water molecule which consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen’s also known as H2O can form hydrogen bonds with four other water molecules. The way that surface tension forms is first that the number of hydrogen bonds of water molecules on the surface is maximized as much as possible then entropy which is a statistical measure of the disorder of a closed system is maximized by minimizing the amount of water molecules on the surface. Lastly tension on the surface of the water is increased as the high energy molecules move to the low energy regions of the fluid. The air outside of the surface film is hydrophobic which means that it cannot form a hydrogen bond that is why the water molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with the air because air is composed of largely spaced gas molecules. The surface of the water does come into contact with the air though but it happens rarely and when it does the nitrogen and oxygen molecules collide with the water and no bonds are formed so the gas molecules return to freely float around the air. The interface boundary of the liquid in this case water is formed by the difference in attractions between liquids and gases. The measurement of surface tension of a liquid is really just a measurement of forces because of its various properties of balancing the forces which create surface tension. Surface interactions are very critical in analyzing the behavior of liquids. Modern methods of surface tension measurement can be digital, like the Goniometer method, which measures surface contact angle and the capillary pressure between two fixed fluids, like water and air. This method measures pressure differences of the two fluids and compares the pressure to the shape of the liquids surface. There are very many uses of surface tension measurement. Surface interactions are a major process in examining the behavior of liquids. The relationship between the pressures involved in surface tension measurement is very important in defining their properties. There are several different forms of surface tension which means that there are many different ways of measuring surface tension in terms of data applications and analyzations. The most commonly known way is called the du Nouy ring method developed in 1925 by Pierre Lecomte du Nouy which is a method which uses a force to lift a platinum ring from the surface of a liquid and measuring the amount of force that was required to do so. I did much research into the ideas and theories behind surface tension and what I found most interesting was the different ways of measuring the surface tension and how the surface tension cannot bond with air. Bibliography: * Coffey, J. (n. d. ). Surface Tension. Universe Today — Space and astronomy news. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. universetoday. com/81655/surface-tension/ * Surface tension. (n. d. ). Attension Precision made simple. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. attension. com/surface-tension. aspx * Viscosity-Surface Tension-properties of liquid. (n. d. ). Welcome to City Collegiate. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. citycollegiate. com/viscosity. htm * ayers, a. (n. d. ). What Is Surface Tension? : Hydrogen Bonds, Organized Water and Maximized Entropy | Suite101. com. Suite101. com: Online Magazine and Writers Network. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. suite101. com/content/what-is-surface-tension-a133497 * mcdonagh, b. (n. d. ). Surface Tension Measurement – ATA Scientific Articles. Particle Size Analyser, Rheometers, CD Spectropolarimeters ATA Scientific. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. atascientific. com. au/blog/2010/06/21/surface-tension-measurement//

The Characters in Uncle Toms Cabin essays

The Characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin essays Different authors use different methods to keep readers turning pages of their books. Some authors may use illustrations, some may use humor, some may use mystery or action, but some authors create an emotional attachment between readers and characters a bond so great a reader cant put the book down. The latter of methods mentioned, is Harriet Beecher Stowes method in her famous slave narrative, Uncle Toms Cabin. By introducing sentimentalism into her piece, Stowe creates a deep emotional bond that connects readers to each of her characters and makes them want to know what happens. Whether readers feel empathy for Eliza, anger towards slave catchers and slave holders, sadness for Eva and Tom, or hopelessness for St. Claire, readers feel as though they must know what happens and will keep flipping pages until they find their answer. This is the beauty of Uncle Toms Cabin. It is not just a slave narrative, its an emotional roller coaster. At any moment, readers can feel a different em otion these emotions can also vary due to the diversity of the reader, especially when the book was first published. One of the first characters readers are introduced to in "Uncle Toms Cabin" is Eliza Harris. Eliza is a slave, and is responsible for the house cleaner duties of Mrs. Shelby, the wife of her owner. She is smart, brave, and a loving mother. These traits are tested when Eliza learns that her son, George, will be sold to another owner. She knows that a life without her beloved son would be a life not worth living. She decides to leave. Her harrowing escape from slavery is one of the most well known scenes from Uncle Toms Cabin, due to her dramatic leap into an icy river in order to save her child. Unfortunately, due to the passage of the fugitive slave act, Eliza is not free when she crosses the Ohio River; rather she faces further danger in the North. Readers quickly sympathize for ...

Unexpected Origins of Common English Idioms

Unexpected Origins of Common English Idioms Unexpected Origins of Common English Idioms Idiom is a fixed expression with a figurative meaning. Idioms serve to make language bright and emotional. Very often its better to use an idiom in common speech to illustrate a particular situation, rather than describe it through specific details. The English language is full of weird idioms. Lets look back through history to find the origin of a few of them. To Blackmail’ means to demand money from somebody by means of immoral measures like violence, threats, or the potential to disclose private information. The idiom originated in Scotland around 1600. Scottish farmers paid the rent in silver coins. They were known as white money and spelled like mail or male. Additional payment, which clan chiefs extorted from the farmers using violence and threat was known as blackmail. Later, this word was adopted when around 1900 criminals started to send letters demanding money in order not to reveal personal secrets (Dalton, 2014). The expression: In a nutshell is used to say that some idea is explained in a very precise way with just a few words. The history tells that a long time ago many significant documents were transported inside a shell of a walnut. According to another version, the important documents would often be shortened; thus only vital points were included into handwritten copies (Delton, 2014). In such a way their size also could fit in a nutshell. The meaning of the idiom: Let the Cat Out of the Bag is commonly referred to as a phrase that means an information leak. This expression was coined in medieval times to speak about dishonest market sellers, who cheated naive buyers. Unfair merchants would place a cat in the buyer’s sack instead of a piglet (Delton, 2014). The substitution was discovered only when the sack was taken home and a cat jumped out of it! The expression: Mad as a Hatter is usually used to describe somebody whose actions are absolutely unpredictable. The idiom is well-known from a novel written by Lewis Carroll. But few people realize that it was used even before that. In the Middle Age, felt hats were made with the help of extremely toxic stuff. It was called marcurous nitrate and it often led to trembling in masters body, as if he was mad. Besides that, theres one more fact connected with this phrase. Robert Crab, who lived in the 17th century and gave all his money to poor people, wore a rather bizarre hat and was often called the mad hatter (Delton, 2014). The idiom: Red Herring is used to describe misleading information. However the explanation for the origin of this idiom is closely connected with hunting. Herring was widely caught in Britain during the 18th century. To keep it eatable for some period of time people would salt it and smoke, thus as a result, fish changed its color from gray into a dark brown, and acquired spicy smell. People used the smoked fish during the hunting season; they dragged it along the hunting paths and away from fox holes, so that the dogs could feel the smell of herring instead of fox (Delton, 2014). Using idioms in your everyday communication can show high level of your general knowledge and showcase your sufficient immersion in the cultural background. Just make sure you know the exact meaning of the idioms you use! Dalton. 36 Unexpected Origins Of Everyday British Phrases. 17 Apr. 2014. http://buzzfeed.com/

Privacy and Internet Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy and Internet Policy - Essay Example Identity theft is not a new happening. It has been around for ages now and have transformed from using the names of deceased people for voting or turning to crime that is against the social welfare. The surge of pre-approved credit cards, pre-approved loans and unsolicited credit card checks along with the ease of accessibility and reach of the Internet has made identity theft a crime that can fool anyone and lead to overwhelming financial costs for the victims (Stanley, 2008). James Moor (2009) observes that a policy vacuum exists regarding the usage of computer technology. The increased range of opportunities that computers provide also necessitates the development of more comprehensive policies to guide actions. Advancement in technology has given rise to greater vulnerabilities in the security of systems; this has been the case for websites too. Due to the chances of access by unauthorized agents, websites often develop web privacy policies. Internet policies can be used by a num ber of bodies ranging from companies and schools to web based sellers and vendors. Regardless of how dedicated or vaguely controlled the web servers, the level of risk that these bodies are exposed to and their adherence to an Internet privacy policy is not the same. If companies do not observe a concrete security system for the protection of information, then the gap between the intended level of security and identity theft protection system is widened and manifests itself when a security breach occurs. It needs to be emphasized that the range of attacks and risks to the system from outside sources is very diverse and complicated. Web-based attacks such as identity theft, common gateway interface code etc lead to drastic consequences internal intrusion, receipt or dissemination of a malicious code, decrease in the security fortressed by network security procedures and misrepresentation and authentication problems. Moreover if a system is exposed to high levels of internet identity theft, people would not trust the system anymore (Vacca, 2003). There are various measures that are employed to protect the web sources from intrusions and identity theft. According to Vacca (2003) one of this is the development and effective enforcement of an Internet policy which is meant to cover and develop management, usage and processes associated with configuration in the context of identity theft protection. Internet service providers should take into account the privacy legislation policy and should be able to not only understand it but also comply with it. Vacca argues that one of the best practices for online identity theft protection is openness, for which companies need to make identity theft policies and practices mandating the management of personal information in an open yet responsible manner. The website of the company should encompass an accurate and comprehensive identity theft policy. In particular, the privacy policy should coherently divest the responsibilitie s of organization as well as the information practices. The government places great emphasis on the protection of financial businesses, workplaces etc against identity theft. A privacy policy serves three main purposes. It tells the user about the information and security policies of the company. It gives the consumer information about the range of options that he has

Healthy Woman Check Ups, Do they make a difference Essay

Healthy Woman Check Ups, Do they make a difference - Essay Example It is important for women to get regular check- ups, because screening tests, such as mammograms and Pap tests, can find diseases early, when they are easier to treat. Some women need certain screening tests earlier or more often than other women. Screening and routine care can help women lower their risk of many health conditions including heart diseases. National Women’s Check-up Day which occurs every 14th of May was established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office on Women’s Health to encourage women to visit health care professionals to receive or schedule check-ups and promote regular check-ups as they are vital to enable the early detection diseases. With today's busy lifestyles, finding time to visit the doctor can often be difficult but it is important not to forget about our health. Regular health check-ups are important for women. Even in the absence of symptoms, many physicians recommend routine, yearly doctor visits and physica ls for females of all ages. A full check-up for women includes a comprehensive work-up for general health, including heart diseases, cholesterol, diabetes, major organ functions, osteoporosis and common cancers like liver and colon cancer. Specifically designed for women, the plan also screens for breast, ovarian and cervical cancers as well as pelvic disorders. Physicians integrate the information you provide from your symptoms, past health problems, physical examination and testing to detect disease or a risk of disease. If you feel well and have a normal exam, it's likely you are healthy. Unfortunately, many conditions can escape detection even with the best medical care. Which exams and screenings you need depends on your age, health and family history, and lifestyle choices such as what you eat, how active you are, and whether you smoke. Breast cancer screening aims to detect the disease early in women and thereby reduce mortality from breast cancer. It may not be cost-effectiv e to screen all women equally often, but rather to allocate resources disproportionately across women at different risks of developing breast cancer. This disease burden can be reduced if cases are detected and treated early. Pap smear for cervical cancer, allow the early identification of cancer or pre-cancer before signs are recognizable [PCND, 2008]. Screening for breast and cervical cancer are strongly related with a reduction in cancer mortality [Kerlikowske et al. 1995]. Evidence-Based screening plans and European guidelines recommend a mammography every 2 years for women aged 50-69 and Pap test every 3 years for women aged 25-64 [Perry et al. 2006, ACS, 2011]. Socioeconomic factors were shown to be strongly related to the use of preventive services [Lorant et al. 2002]. Disparities in the utilization of female screening were widely identified. Comparative studies on the use of preventive services in Europe showed inequalities in the participation to screening programs, althou gh the size of the inequality varied among countries [Palencia et al. 2010]. Women with lower health literacy are less likely to carry out routine cancer screening. Ethnic minority, old age and low socioeconomic status are all accompanied by a low chance of undergoing cancer screening procedures [Ackenson, 2007]. In the US characteristics associated with lower rates of Pap test use included low family income and low educational

“Self-Reliance” by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Self-Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay In the essay entitled â€Å"Self-Reliance† written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a clear and detailed account of how the author sees and defines self-reliance is presented in a classical manner of writing. The author has argued, through the different ideas he presented in his essay that non-conformity is important nowadays and the development of independent beliefs should be given attention by people. Likewise, the author has presented a view of how society is today using his own lenses, which means it came from his perspective. In defining what a genius is, Emerson mentioned that â€Å"to believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men† are characteristics that make a person a genius (p. 17). He has so much emphasis on the ability of men to create ideas of their own and reinforce this by believing in it is a source of one’s ingenuity. Related to this is the idea of self-reliance where one person maintains a persona perspective and abides by it. Where this warrants non-conformity, the author argues that it is permissible and is likewise considered as the most acceptable behavior to achieve self-reliance. Whatever the response of men may be towards a diversion away from the norm, then it is to be treated without malice or second thought for a person should believe more on himself/herself. This also directs the person away from relying on the thoughts of others. In addition to this, the author mentioned that great philosophers and influential people from the past has earned their positions in the society because they have expressed their ideas, believed in it, and reinforced it through their arguments. From the author’s point of view, the society of today has lost the ability to make use of knowledge and gain it through definite means. From his words, The civilized man has built a coach, but has lost the use of his feet. He is supported on crutches, but lacks so much support of muscle. He has a fine Geneva watch, but he fails of the skill to tell the hour by the sun. (Emerson 29). In this sense, the men of today has been given the right tools for their needs but has lost the traditional means of acquiring knowledge. More so, information for them has been based so much on what they have built for themselves and less on relying on their own abilities to answer and solve daily problems. Apparently today, the availability of automatic technologies has paved the way for the society’s failure in developing people to rely on their own faculties and knowledge to respond to situations. From a personal point of view, the definition of self-reliance should take on the present circumstances which the societies are made to face. Today, people could be self-reliant through developing their own faculties and progressing through their careers using their own abilities and their own efforts. The hard-work of the people is an important aspect of self-reliance in today’s world because of the competition from each and every individual for the scarcity of resources and opportunities. Reliance on one’s own self in achieving heights would have to be developed through education, which has within its purpose the honing of faculties throughout the lifetime of individuals. Nonetheless, education would also have to be based on the own efforts of the individual as he/she climbs through the educational ladder. As one progresses and educates the self, one has to take into consideration the need to generate ideas and be critical of the facts presented. The academe actually serves as the training ground where the student hones the skills required in order to present self-generated ideas and facts and stand by these. More so, people should become self-reliant in terms of their relationship with other people. While it is good to listen to criticisms and ideas of other people, one should dare to stand up for their own opinion whether this may be in opposition to what the status quo wants. It could be remembered that change is among the constant things in this world and as people dare to make a change, they also wanted to stand up and be different from what the majority wants. Definitely, there are criticisms that are to be met and arguments from different groups and individuals. This is inevitable for they have their own judgment and perception of the world as they see it that leads to a clash of ideas. Moreover, there are social controls in the society that sometimes inhibit people from becoming self-reliant. These social controls tend to keep people in groups and rely on one another and when one wishes to be self-reliant, an individual should be prepared for the consequences attached to these social controls. Thus, people are able to become self-reliant because of the belief they have in the things they could do and in the knowledge they have. From experience, there is no harm in trying the beliefs enclosed in becoming self-reliant because of the experience it brings and the possible outcome of the action. It will further nourish the character of the person and encourages the people to make their own personal contributions from their own faculties. Thus, in becoming self-reliant, people have to be able to generate ideas of their own through education, stand by these and make good use, and be able to accept the consequences for their actions. Being self-reliant would make an individual capable of living in today’s society with the several challenges posed on being individualistic and relying on one’s own self. Work Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays: First and Second Series. Stilwell, KS: Digireads. com Publishing, 2007.

Media Analysis of Coverage of One Event Essay examples -- Compare Cont

Media Analysis of Coverage of One Event In various articles written about Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco’s visit to Cuba, the emphases are placed on different points, as the event is described from various angles. The Cuban newspaper Granma goes into more depth about Blanco and her entourage’s activities during their visit to Cuba, as well as giving a more detailed background of pertinent information about United States-Cuba relations, in the context of the embargo. La Nueva Cuba approaches the event from a different angle by providing more specifics about how this particular transaction will take place. There is also a brief compare and contrast of the ways that the United States and other nations choose to deal with Cuba, especially in matters of financing purchases. The Daily Advertiser chooses yet another facet of the issue to focus on. Because it is a Louisiana paper, it has a more domestically-oriented agenda. As a result, the article centers on Louisiana and Blanco, rather than Cuba and the United States as a whole. None of these reports reflect particularly badly on either Cuba or the United States, though each reporter’s preference is shown by the particular scope through which the respective pieces are written. The title of the Granma report is â€Å"Louisiana se acerca mas a Cuba,† a very curious title which creates a feeling of intimacy between the two entities. A mechanical analysis reveals the purposeful use of a reflexive verb only for Louisiana, rather than for both Louisiana and Cuba (i.e. â€Å"Louisiana y Cuba se acercan†). This depicts Louisiana as the active participant of the two, the one that is taking the initiative to align itself closer to Cuba. This way of describing the situation makes sense conside... ...is a smaller regional paper that is more concerned with domestic affairs than international relations. An examination of three articles from different sources but about the same event reveals the different ways of manifesting what is of great or negligible importance, how an entity chooses to present itself, or how the government prefers to have itself portrayed. The various angles chosen to approach the issue, as well as the use of supporting details illustrates the personal preference of the reporter and his or her reflection of each nation, state, or person featured in the report. Although these three articles from the Lafayette Daily Advertiser, Cuba’s conservative Granma, or the more liberal La Nueva Cuba do not exhibit criticism for either the US or Cuba, they showcase subtle opinions about the newly established trade agreement between Cuba and Louisiana.

Macbeth : a tragic hero or bloody tyrant? Essay

Written by William Shakespeare probably in late 1606 or early 1607, Macbeth is considered by many people to be the darkest of Shakespeare’s works. The play is a tragedy about death and deceit amongst the Scottish noblemen. It focuses on the rise and fall of the main character, Macbeth. The argument on whether Macbeth is a tragic hero or a bloody tyrant still remains unsettled. In order to answer this question, we have to define the characteristics that make up a tragic hero. According to Dr. Peter A. Smith from the English department of Kentucky State University, a tragic hero possesses many several criteria. Firstly, the character must be of noble stature, meaning he is a man with outstanding quality. His actions must affect an excessive amount of people. Secondly, his downfall is the result of his tragic flaw or â€Å"hamartia†. However, the most common flaw is excessive pride or â€Å"hubris†. Thirdly, the hero’s decline is thew result of his own â€Å"free will†. Although â€Å"fate† has a very important part in the play, there is always a factor of choice portrays in the story. Fourthly, the audiences are usually left feeling that the hero’s misfortune is not wholly deserved. The fifth criterion is that the tragic hero will eventually realise what went wrong but it is too late to undo the harm. Lastly, after the death of a tragic hero, the audiences feel the cleansing of emotion or â€Å"catharsis†. On the other hand, a bloody tyrant can be identified as some one who is self-deceived, remorseless, unmerciful, and avaricious. The character should be of bad reputation and is generally disapproved by others. They should be lacking of consideration and sympathy for others. Also, they should exhibit a constant yearning for more and more power. Macbeth, at the different stage in the play, possesses many characteristics of both a tragic hero and a bloody tyrant. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is portrayed as a brave warrior who has fought for King Duncan and has just won the battle. On his way back from his assignation as Thane of Glamis, he encountered the three witches who greeted him with many pleasant predictions. Their prophecies were the fact that triggered Macbeth’s ambitious soul. However, he was still seen as genuinely loyal to the King â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, †¦Are to your throne and state†¦ Which do but what they should by doing everything Safe toward your love and honour.† (Act 1: Scene 4: L 22-27) He already appeared to fit the criterion of tragic hero since he was courageous and respected. He has saves Scotland and many lives from the battle. After Duncan had announced that his son, Malcolm, would succeed to the throne, we first learned of his flawed personality. â€Å"Stars, hide your fires, Let not light see my black and deep desires,† (Act 1: Scene 4: L.50-51) He was asking the stars not to shine because the light would make others see his dark desire. He did not want anyone to know about his future evil plan. So far, Macbeth’s character still corresponded to the characteristics of a tragic hero. We must see how his character developed. In the next scene, Macbeth met his wife, Lady Macbeth, who appeared to have thoroughly planned out Duncan’s murder. She encouraged her husband to eliminate Duncan so that Macbeth, in the near future, would be entitled the king of Scotland. However, Macbeth’s conscience was troubled. â€Å"†¦Besides, this Duncan†¦, hath been So clear in his great office, that this virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his talking-off.† (Act 1: Scene 7: L.16-20) He knew that by killing Duncan who represented a figure of decent human being, heaven itself would detest his decision and he would be condemned. After struggling with his conscience and showing his reluctance to betray the king, he finally decided not to kill Duncan. â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business He hath honoured me of late, and I have bought Golden opinion from all sorts of people,† (Act 1: Scene 7: L.31-33) Macbeth was, perhaps, being selfish and wanted to be admired by the people for a bit longer, or his conscience might be causing his determination to weaken. Both reasons demonstrated that he was showing mercy, and mercy was definitely not a quality of a bloody tyrant. At this stage, he was not yet a bloody tyrant. However, later when Lady Macbeth insulted him by calling him a coward and questioning his masculinity, Macbeth changed his mind. Lady Macbeth’s speech was considered to be very persuasive. She also brought up the concept of being the same in action as in desire to Macbeth. It seems as of every time Macbeth gains back his conscience and follows the path of righteousness, his fatal weakness, which is ambition, always spurs him on and leads him back to the vicious path. His wife also plays quite a major role in manipulating Macbeth to do as she desired. He chooses evil over goodness. This is his own â€Å"free will.† The external force that keeps pressuring him cannot control or decide for him. After murdering Duncan, persuaded by his wife, Macbeth shows the sign of being quite repentant, hoping to undo the crime. â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking: I would thou couldst† (Act 2: Scene 2: L.77) His wife apparently has forced him to do something a bit against his will. At the same time that this happened, Malcolm and Donaldbain decided to elude to England and Ireland respectively to escape the accusation. Macbeth, therefore, was entitled to be king and accessed to the throne. Once Macbeth realised the suspiction BanQuo had on him, including his fear for the witches’ prophecy, that Banquo would be father of a king, would become true, he decided to get rid of Banquo and his son, Fleance. Fortunately, Fleance has escaped. His ambition and pride started to increase. His plan to kill Banquo was kept secret from his wife. This showed that he had gained more self-confidence. His flaw has driven him to kill. Once Macbeth ascended the throne, he organised a feast at his castle. In my opinion, the feast represents the turning point of his character in the play. He began to show more of the vicious qualities. The ghost of Banquo has appeared to him at the banquet, and he began to hallucinate. After the guests have left, Lady Macbeth tried to calm him down. Macbeth was so mad that he has vowed to destroy anyone standing in his way. He was now in the point of no return. â€Å"†¦I am in blood Stepped in so far that should I wade no more †¦ Strange thing I have in head that will to hand, Which must be acted ere they may be scanned† (Act 3: Scene: 4: L.140) â€Å"We are yet but young in deed† (Act 3: Scene 4: L.144) Macbeth was saying that he has done so many bad deeds that he could barely wait to engage in the evil acts again. We could clearly see at this stage that Macbeth’s character has developed into someone who appeared to be malevolent by nature. He had lost all his good equalities. His speech showed his extreme hunger for power and control. He would kill according to his will. Macbeth later went to see the witches again and has received three apparitions. The witches told him that someone who was â€Å"none of woman born† would bring about his death. This prophecy has made him even more arrogant thinking that he was invincible, and it seemed to give him new pleasure for killing. He has Macduff’s family murdered and his castle demolished. After the death of Lady Macbeth, he took actions into his own hands. In the end, he suffered from internal revolt and eventually killed by Macduff, who later revealed that he was born by caesarean. Even though, towards the end, Macbeth has adopted most of the characteristics of evil tyrant, his death produced â€Å"catharsis† in audiences. Our emotions are cleansed knowing that the throne is now in charge by good people. Macbeth started off as being a â€Å"tragic hero†, but eventually, towards the end, his madness and hallucination has transformed him into a â€Å"bloody tyrant.† Bibliography 1. www.literatureclassics.com/essays/371 2. www.shakespearehelp.com/macbeth_guide/ 3. www.kysu.edu/artsscience/ENG411/tragic%20hero.htm

Friedrich Nietzsche Essay

Existentialism provides a moving account of the agony of being in the world. The spirit of existen- tialism has a long history in philosophy. But it be- came a major movement in the second half of the 20th century. Existentialism is not a systematic body of thought like Marxism or psychoanalysis. Instead, it is more like an umbrella under which a very wide range of thinkers struggled with ques- tions about the meaning of life. Much of the appeal and popularity of Existential- ism is due to the sense of confusion, the crisis, and the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Euro- peans felt during World War II and its aftermath. Existentialism’s focus on each person’s role in cre- ating meaning in their life was a major influence on the Phenomenological and Humanistic traditions in psychology and on the â€Å"human potential† move- ment that emerged from them. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) said, â€Å"Conquer your- self rather than the world. †. To modern existential- ists this means that the World itself has no real meaning or purpose. It is not the unfolding expres- sion of Human Destiny or a Divine plan, or even a set of natural laws. The only meaning is that which we create by acts of will. To have a meaningful life we have to act. But we should act without hope. Acting is meaningful but it doesn’t create meaning that lasts beyond the acts themselves or beyond our own lifetime. You are what you do – while you are doing it – and then nothing. (Very depressing. ) In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus (pronounced â€Å"Kam-moo†) (1913-1960) describes life as a kind of hopeless, endless, uphill labor. Hence, the only true problem is that of suicide. Yet, he rejects nihilism; for the human being must fight and never accept defeat. The problem is to be a saint without a God. The last judgment takes place everyday. The human being must do his best, try for what he can within the confinements of his situation. Camus describes Sisyphus condemned by the gods to push a stone up a hill over and over, only to have it roll back down each time he reaches the top. A task that can never be completed. But he finds meaning in the fact that Sisyphus at least gets to decide each time whether to carry on or end it all. Camus says, â€Å"The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man’s heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy. † Although there can never be any meaning in Sisy- phus’ task, there is meaning is choosing each time to continue. Despite encompassing a staggering range of phi- losophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are simple: Mankind has free will. Life is a series of choices, creating stress. Few decisions are without any negative conse- quences. Some things are irrational or absurd, without explanation. If one makes a decision, he or she must follow through. Notes on Existentialism by Tanweer Akram. The fundamental problem of existentialism is con- cerned with the study of being. The human being’s existence is the first and basic fact; the human be- ing has no essence that comes before his existence. The human being, as a being, is nothing. This nothingness and the non-existence of an essence is the central source of the freedom the human being faces in each and every moment. The human being Notes on Existentialism Compiled for PSY 345 (Fall 2004) Existentialism Notes 2 has liberty in view of his situation, in decisions which makes himself and sets himself to solves his problems and live in the world. Thrown into the world, the human being is con- demned to be free. The human being must take this freedom of being and the responsibility and guilt of his actions. Each action negates the other possible courses of action and their consequences; so the human being must be accountable without excuse. The human being must not slip away from his re- sponsibilities. The human being must take deci- sions and assume responsibilities. There is no sig- nificance in this world, this universe. The human being cannot find any purpose in life; his existence is only a contingent fact. His being does not emerge from necessity. If a human being rejects the false pretensions, the illusions of his existence hav- ing a meaning, he encounters the absurdity, the fu- tility of life. The human being’s role in the world is not predetermined or fixed; every person is com- pelled to make a choice. Choice is one thing the human being must make. The trouble is that most often the human being refuses to choose. Hence, he cannot realize his freedom and the futility of his existence. Basically existence is of two types: authentic and inauthentic forms of existence. Authentic existence is contrasted with dynamic and is the being-for- itself, rising from the human being’s bad faith, by which the human being moves away from the bur- den of responsibility, through this beliefs in dogma and by regarding himself as subject to outside in- fluences and his actions to be predetermined. There is a striking contrast between the authentic and the inauthentic forms of being; the authentic being is the being of the human being and the inau- thentic being is the being for things. Yet, authentic being is only rarely attained by the human being; still it is what the human being must strive to gain. The inauthentic being-in-itself is characteristically distinctive of things; it is what the human being is diseased with for his failure to see himself as and act according as a free agent and his impotency to reject bad faith. Things are only what they are. But the human being is what can be. Things are deter- mined, fixed, and rigid; the human being is free; he can add essence to his life in the course of his life and he is in a constant state of flux and is able to comprehend his situation. The human being does not live in a pre-determined world; the human be- ing is free to realize his aims, to materialize his dreams; hence, he has only the destiny he forges for himself because in this world nothing happens out of necessity. The human being hides himself from freedom by self-deception, acting like a thing, as if he is a pas- sive subject, instead of realizing the authentic be- ing for the human being; this is bad faith. In bad faith, the human being shelter himself from re- sponsibility by not noticing the dimensions of al- ternative courses of action facing him; in bad faith, the human being behaves as others demand of him by conforming to the standards of accepted values and by adopting roles designed for him; in bad faith, the human being loses the autonomy of his moral will, his freedom to decide; in bad faith, the human being imprisons himself within inauthentic- ity for he has refused to take the challenge of re- sponsibility and the anxiety that comes along with his freedom. Anxiety ascends from the human being’s realiza- tion that the human being’s destiny is not fixed but is open to an undetermined future of infinite possi- bilities and limitless scope: The emptiness of fu- ture destiny must be filled by making choices for which he alone will assume responsibility and blame. This anxiety is present at every moment of the human being’s existence; anxiety is part and parcel of authentic existence. Anxiety leads the human being to take decisions and be committed. The human being tries to avoid this anguish through bad faith. But the free human being, in his authenticity, must be involved; for his own actions are only his, his responsibility is to himself, his being is his own. The human being must be com- mitted. To be committed means not to support this in place of that, but to attach a human being’s total- ity to a cause; it is the human being’s existential freedom that leads to total commitment. Existentialist thinkers begin from the human situa- tion in the world; the condition of despair, the modes of existence, the human being’s tendency to avoid authentic existence, his relation to things, his own body, and to other beings, with whom he can- not come into genuine communication, and the sufferings of life. Starting from the study of being, each existentialist thinkers originate their own doc- trines, with their own emphasis on particular as- pects. Very often their viewpoints is conflicting and sometimes contradictory; yet this philosophi-cal attitude of being, as a whole, can be described as the existentialist movement, which stresses upon the â€Å"being† of the human being. Existentialism Notes 3 Additional Notes on Existentialism Existentialism, philosophical movement or ten- dency, emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice, that influenced many diverse writers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Major Themes Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, the term is impossible to define precisely. Certain themes common to virtually all existentialist writers can, however, be identified. The term itself suggests one major theme: the stress on concrete individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice. Moral Individualism Most philosophers since Plato have held that the highest ethical good is the same for everyone; inso- far as one approaches moral perfection, one resem- bles other morally perfect individuals. The 19th- century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against this tradition by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his or her own unique vocation. As he wrote in his journal, â€Å"I must find a truth that is true for me . . . the idea for which I can live or die. † Other existentialist writers have echoed Kierkegaard’s belief that one must choose one’s own way without the aid of universal, objective standards. Against the traditional view that moral choice involves an objective judgment of right and wrong, existentialists have argued that no objective, rational basis can be found for moral decisions. The 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche further contended that the indi- vidual must decide which situations are to count as moral situations. SubjectivityAll existentialists have followed Kierkegaard in s tressing the importance of passionate individual action in deciding questions of both morality and truth. They have insisted, accordingly, that per- sonal experience and acting on one’s own convic- tions are essential in arriving at the truth. Thus, the understanding of a situation by someone involved in that situation is superior to that of a detached, objective observer. This emphasis on the perspec- tive of the individual agent has also made existen- tialists suspicious of systematic reasoning. Kierke- gaard, Nietzsche, and other existentialist writers have been deliberately unsystematic in the exposi- tion of their philosophies, preferring to express themselves in aphorisms, dialogues, parables, and other literary forms. Despite their antirationalist position, however, most existentialists cannot be said to be irrationalists in the sense of denying all validity to rational thought. They have held that rational clarity is desirable wherever possible, but that the most important questions in life are not accessible to reason or science. Furthermore, they have argued that even science is not as rational as is commonly supposed. Nietzsche, for instance, asserted that the scientific assumption of an orderly universe is for the most part a useful fiction. Choice and Commitment Perhaps the most prominent theme in existentialist writing is that of choice. Humanity’s primary dis- tinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Existentialists have held that human beings do not have a fixed nature, or es- sence, as other animals and plants do; each human being makes choices that create his or her own na- ture. In the formulation of the 20th-century French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, existence precedes essence. Choice is therefore central to human exis- tence, and it is inescapable; even the refusal to choose is a choice. Freedom of choice entails com- mitment and responsibility. Because individuals are free to choose their own path, existentialists have argued, they must accept the risk and respon- sibility of following their commitment wherever it leads. Dread and Anxiety Kierkegaard held that it is spiritually crucial to rec- ognize that one experiences not only a fear of spe- cific objects but also a feeling of general apprehen- sion, which he called dread. He interpreted it as God’s way of calling each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life. The word anxiety (German Angst) has a similarly cru- cial role in the work of the 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger; anxiety leads to the individual’s confrontation with nothingness and with the impossibility of finding ultimate justifica- tion for the choices he or she must make. In the philosophy of Sartre, the word nausea is used for the individual’s recognition of the pure contin- gency of the universe, and the word anguish is used for the recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts the individual at every mo- ment. Existentialism Notes 4 History Existentialism as a distinct philosophical and liter- ary movement belongs to the 19th and 20th centu- ries, but elements of existentialism can be found in the thought (and life) of Socrates, in the Bible, and in the work of many premodern philosophers and writers. Pascal The first to anticipate the major concerns of mod- ern existentialism was the 17th-century French phi- losopher Blaise Pascal. Pascal rejected the rigorous rationalism of his contemporary Rene Descartes, asserting, in his Pensees (1670), that a systematic philosophy that presumes to explain God and hu- manity is a form of pride. Like later existentialist writers, he saw human life in terms of paradoxes: The human self, which combines mind and body, is itself a paradox and contradiction. Kierkegaard Kierkegaard, generally regarded as the founder of modern existentialism, reacted against the system- atic absolute idealism of the 19th-century German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who claimed to have worked out a total rational understanding of hu- manity and history. Kierkegaard, on the contrary, stressed the ambiguity and absurdity of the human situation. The individual’s response to this situation must be to live a totally committed life, and this commitment can only be understood by the indi- vidual who has made it. The individual therefore must always be prepared to defy the norms of soci- ety for the sake of the higher authority of a person- ally valid way of life. Kierkegaard ultimately advo- cated a â€Å"leap of faith† into a Christian way of life, which, although incomprehensible and full of risk, was the only commitment he believed could save the individual from despair. Nietzsche Nietzsche, who was not acquainted with the work of Kierkegaard, influenced subsequent existential- ist thought through his criticism of traditional metaphysical and moral assumptions and through his espousal of tragic pessimism and the life- affirming individual will that opposes itself to the moral conformity of the majority. In contrast to Kierkegaard, whose attack on conventional moral- ity led him to advocate a radically individualistic Christianity, Nietzsche proclaimed the â€Å"death of God† and went on to reject the entire Judeo- Christian moral tradition in favor of a heroic pagan ideal. Heidegger Heidegger, like Pascal and Kierkegaard, reacted against an attempt to put philosophy on a conclu- sive rationalistic basis—in this case the phenome- nology of the 20th-century German philosopher Edmund Husserl. Heidegger argued that humanity finds itself in an incomprehensible, indifferent world. Human beings can never hope to under- stand why they are here; instead, each individual must choose a goal and follow it with passionate conviction, aware of the certainty of death and the ultimate meaninglessness of one’s life. Heidegger contributed to existentialist thought an original em- phasis on being and ontology as well as on lan- guage. Sartre Sartre first gave the term existentialism general currency by using it for his own philosophy and by becoming the leading figure of a distinct move- ment in France that became internationally influen- tial after World War II. Sartre’s philosophy is ex- plicitly atheistic and pessimistic; he declared that human beings require a rational basis for their lives but are unable to achieve one, and thus human life is a â€Å"futile passion. † Sartre nevertheless insisted that his existentialism is a form of humanism, and he strongly emphasized human freedom, choice, and responsibility. He eventually tried to reconcile these existentialist concepts with a Marxist analy- sis of society and history. Existentialism and Theology Although existentialist thought encompasses the uncompromising atheism of Nietzsche and Sartre and the agnosticism of Heidegger, its origin in the intensely religious philosophies of Pascal and Kierkegaard foreshadowed its profound influence on 20th-century theology. The 20th-century Ger- man philosopher Karl Jaspers, although he rejected explicit religious doctrines, influenced contempo- rary theology through his preoccupation with tran- scendence and the limits of human experience. The German Protestant theologians Paul Tillich and Rudolf Bultmann, the French Roman Catholic theologian Gabriel Marcel, the Russian Orthodox philosopher Nikolay Berdyayev, and the German Jewish philosopher Martin Buber inherited many Existentialism Notes 5 of Kierkegaard’s concerns, especially that a per- sonal sense of authenticity and commitment is es- sential to religious faith. Existentialism and Literature A number of existentialist philosophers used liter- ary forms to convey their thought, and existential- ism has been as vital and as extensive a movement in literature as in philosophy. The 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky is probably the greatest existentialist literary figure. In Notes from the Underground (1864), the alienated anti- hero rages against the optimistic assumptions of rationalist humanism. The view of human nature that emerges in this and other novels of Dostoyevsky is that it is unpredictable and per- versely self-destructive; only Christian love can save humanity from itself, but such love cannot be understood philosophically. As the character Alyo- sha says in The Brothers Karamazov (1879-80), â€Å"We must love life more than the meaning of it. † In the 20th century, the novels of the Austrian Jew- ish writer Franz Kafka, such as The Trial (1925; trans. 1937) and The Castle (1926; trans. 1930), present isolated men confronting vast, elusive, menacing bureaucracies; Kafka’s themes of anxi- ety, guilt, and solitude reflect the influence of Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky, and Nietzsche. The in- fluence of Nietzsche is also discernible in the nov- els of the French writers Andre Malraux and in the plays of Sartre. The work of the French writer Al- bert Camus is usually associated with existential- ism because of the prominence in it of such themes as the apparent absurdity and futility of life, the indifference of the universe, and the necessity of engagement in a just cause. Existentialist themes are also reflected in the theater of the absurd, nota- bly in the plays of Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco. In the United States, the influence of exis- tentialism on literature has been more indirect and diffuse, but traces of Kierkegaard’s thought can be found in the novels of Walker Percy and John Up- dike, and various existentialist themes are apparent in the work of such diverse writers as Norman Mailer, John Barth, and Arthur Miller. Conclusion Existentialists make endless claims. They never bother to show how they reached their claims or if these are, indeed, true. The existentialists when he pretends to present a representation of reality pro- vides no cognition; unverifiable assertions may well express powerful and even necessary emo- tions and passions, but that’s best left to the arts and literature. Existentialism is a highly passionate philosophy and, from the outset, seems to aim at a dynamic and fashionable life-style. Also it is mostly unsys- tematic and pays little attention to logic or science. Whatever one makes of its metaphysical claims, one cannot deny that existentialism was able to provide a moving account of the spirit of the con- temporary world and the nausea and frustration of survival. Indeed, it is basically for its richness in psychological insight and its impact on culture that existentialist philosophy will continued to be stud- ied.

Methods That Will Help to Cope With the Tiresome Procedure of Creating a Think Piece

Methods That Will Help to Cope With the Tiresome Procedure of Creating a Think Piece How to Survive the Annoying Process of Writing an Essay Modern pace of life demands from the people to develop certain qualities and habits. Thus, people tend to be more active, ambitious and enterprising in order to survive and be successful. Each time has its rules and peculiarities and today a lot of people can have difficulties with monotonous and annoying tasks which require patience and meticulous work. This problem is especially common for youth. They just cannot put their gadgets aside and spend few hours in the quiet atmosphere collecting thoughts about essay. However, even scrupulous and diligent people experience difficulties while performing writing tasks. What to do if you face the lack of creativity and feel indolence or just do not know what to start with? There are some methods that can help you within any writing assignment and make it more simple and delightful. Work out a plan Careful monitoring of the things minimizes the possibility of unexpected and unpleasant surprises. That is why you need to think through and plan your activities. When you have a plan or schedule, it is easier to cope with the work. Consider deadlines, volume of the essay, your knowledge in the subject and current number of tasks in other disciplines. Actually, plan will encourage you to action and under condition of following it will be the guarantee of timely accomplishment of the task. Plan is the right decision for people, who feel difficulties in starting tasks or performing them in time. Search for ideas No one knows at once about what to write and what aspects should be disturbed. From time to time it happens that you get the topic and feel the complete emptiness in the head. It is quite normal situation. The topic can be new for you or maybe you just have not considered the things from this point of view. There are different ways and sources of obtaining ideas. First of all you should read some information related to the topic. Then if you still have no distinct notion about what to write, just switch to other things and finally the brilliant ideas will come. Try to be original, think perspicaciously and you will succeed. Try to write Another effective and helpful method is to start writing. It does not matter if you do not know yet what to write about or what to start with. You may write about everything you want. The main thing is to start the process and it will gradually lead you to the necessary stream. You should take a piece of paper and a pen and make note about the weather, your mood or absence of desire to write essay†¦ Make reviews It is always significant to write correctly and avoid mistakes. In order to provide an essay of high quality always check it for spelling and punctuation mistakes. Every teacher will be delighted to read content, which is written in a proper way. Moreover, when you reread your paper, some brilliant thoughts and ideas can appear in your head, you can add something or remove and make your work more sophisticated and refined. Be judgmental In regard to any activity and especially writing one should be able to assess his or her work and be open for improvements. It is great to consider your essay and estimate if it will be interesting and informative for other people. The more you demand from yourself the better results you obtain. Additional reading, thinking and criticism towards your own paper will bring desired results and appreciation. There are many ways and methods that will provide you’re a useful assistance in the process of essay writing. You may try all of the above mentioned advices or some of them, you can combine them or extend. Do what you like and create great essays; just remember that with all your actions you should move towards your goals and dreams.

10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators

10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators Do you need examples of electrical conductors and insulators? Heres a handy list, but first, lets review just what conductors and insulators are. How Electrical Conductors and Insulators Work Electrical conductors are materials that conduct electricity; insulators dont. Why? Whether a substance conducts electricity depends on how easily electrons can move through it. Protons dont move because, while they would carry electrical charge, they are bound to other protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. Valence electrons are like outer planets orbiting a star. They are attracted enough to stay in position, but it doesnt always take a lot of energy to knock them out of place. Metals readily lose and gain electrons, so they rule the list of conductors. Organic molecules are mostly insulators, in part because they are held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds and also because hydrogen bonding helps stabilize many molecules. Most materials are neither good conductors, nor good insulators. They dont readily conduct, but if enough energy is supplied, the electrons will move. Some materials are insulators in pure form, but will conduct if they are doped with small quantities of another element or if they contain impurities. For example, most ceramics are excellent insulators, but if you dope them, you can get a superconductor. Pure water is an insulator, but dirty water conducts weakly and salt water, with its free-floating ions, conducts well. 10 Electrical Conductors The best electrical conductor, under conditions of ordinary temperature and pressure, is the metallic element silver. Its not always an ideal choice as a material, though, because of its cost and because it tarnishes. The oxide layer known as tarnish is not conductive. Similarly, rust, verdigris, and other oxide layers reduce conductivity. silvergoldcopperaluminummercurysteelironsea waterconcretemercury more conductors: platinumbrassbronzegraphitedirty waterlemon juice 10 Electrical Insulators rubberglasspure wateroilairdiamonddry wooddry cottonplasticasphalt more insulators: fiberglassdry paperporceleinceramicquartz Its worth noting the shape and size of a material affects conductivity. A thick piece of matter will conduct better than a thin piece of the same length. If you take two pieces of a material that are the same thickness, but one is shorter than the other, the shorter one will conduct better. It has less resistance, in much the same way its easier to force water through a short pipe than a long one. Temperature also affects conductivity. As increase temperature, atoms and their electrons gain energy. Some insulators (e.g., glass) are poor conductors when cool, yet good conductors when hot. Most metals are better conductors when cool and poorer conductors when hot. Some good conductors become superconductors at extremely low temperatures. Although electrons flow through a conductive material, they dont damage the atoms or cause wear, like you would get from friction of water in a canyon, for example. Moving electrons do experience resistance or cause friction, however. The flow of electrical current can lead to heating of a conductive material. Do you need more examples? Here is a more comprehensive list that includes thermal conductors and insulators.

Political Context of Social Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Context of Social Policy - Assignment Example According to the discussion  social policies are those which are designed and developed to respond to the social issues of a society. These policies are formed by the government or by private organizations in order to fulfill the social needs of the disadvantaged citizens. Social policies are mostly developed for the betterment of the society and to benefit human welfare. However, there are many agencies that are set up to design social policies by the government.  This paper highlights that  it is not only important for the government agencies to look at the social needs before implementing a policy, but also important to consider the political environment of the society before a policy is implemented. Political parties hold great importance in a society and they play the role of major stakeholders in public welfare policies. The political environment determines whether the political parties approve the social policies or not because if they don’t, it might result in di sturbance in the society. In order to make sure that the social policy is effective and successful, the agencies must take the consent of the political parties and consider the political environment. A distressed political environment in the society would rather result in a negative effect of the policy.  There are several stakeholders that need to be involved in the technical discussions and considerations of implementing a social policy. These stakeholders may be government authorities, ministers, political parties, citizens, and the targeted population.